Transforming Biology Education Through Artificial Intelligence: A Review of Teaching and Learning Practices

Abstract

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has precipitated a paradigm shift in educational practices worldwide, with particular implications for science education. This review critically examines how AI is transforming biology teaching and learning across secondary schools, colleges, and universities. This integrative review synthesizes evidence on AI applications including intelligent tutoring systems, generative AI tools, virtual and augmented reality, learning analytics, and automated assessment systems in the context of biology education. The review employs linking AI tools, pedagogical practices, and student learning outcomes, the review indicate that AI integration enhances personalized learning, improves conceptual understanding of complex biological phenomena, and supports the development of scientific inquiry skills. However, significant challenges persist, including data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, the digital divide, and teacher preparedness, particularly in developing countries such as those in Africa and Nigeria. The review identifies critical research gaps, including the underrepresentation of AI-supported educational games and simulations in biology. Future directions emphasize the need for human-AI collaboration frameworks, explainable AI in educational contexts, and context-sensitive policies that address infrastructural and equity constraints. The review concludes with actionable recommendations for educational practice, curriculum development, teacher education, and policy formulation.